Creating a Valheim Server: A Comprehensive Guide

Intro

Creating a server for Valheim can transform your gaming experience, enabling you to gather friends and explore the stunning landscapes of this Viking-themed survival game together. The beauty of Valheim lies not just in its expansive world but also in the flexibility it offers players. A dedicated server unlocks the full potential of multiplayer gameplay and allows for customization to suit individual play styles. In this guide, we will dissect every essential component of server establishment in Valheim, focusing on the critical aspects of configuration and performance.

Features and Specifications

Overview of Key Features

Valheim servers come with several features aimed at enhancing multiplayer interactions. First, they allow for customized world settings. You can set up different rules, such as the time of day or the speed at which resources respawn. Additionally, servers support modding, which lets you introduce new content and gameplay mechanics. Furthermore, you can choose whether your server is public or private, shaping who can access and join your world. These options are integral in tailoring the multiplayer experience to your preferences, fostering a community that fits your gaming style.

Technical Specifications

When it comes to technical requirements, your server setup might need specific resources to function efficiently. Generally, dedicated servers require stable internet connectivity and adequate processing power. Here is what you typically need:

CPU: At least a dual-core processor for smoother game performance.
RAM: A minimum of 4 GB is suggested for running Valheim servers, though more may be needed with multiple players.
Storage: Sufficient disk space to install the game and store player data. SSDs are recommended for faster load times.
Bandwidth: A minimum upload speed of 1 Mbps is acceptable for a small group. However, higher speeds are advisable for larger groups.

A dedicated server not only enhances player experience but also provides more control over gameplay settings, ensuring a personalized adventure in Valheim.

Performance and User Experience

Real-World Performance

Players have noted that dedicated servers significantly improve performance compared to hosting directly from a player’s machine. A dedicated server can handle more players, leading to a smoother experience even when the action intensifies. Moreover, through optimization of server settings, you can enhance graphical performance and load times, leading to an overall better experience.

Ease of Use

Setting up a Valheim server may seem daunting, yet the process is straightforward when you break it down into steps. Several hosting providers streamline this task, offering user-friendly interfaces and basic setup guides. Command-line tools and config files allow for further customization once you are comfortable with the basics. Overall, the initial learning curve is manageable.

In sum, understanding the features and technical specifications of Valheim servers serves as a foundation. With this knowledge, players can create tailored experiences that elevate their multiplayer gaming. The next sections will delve into the step-by-step process of launching and maintaining a Valheim server effectively.

Understanding Valheim's Multiplayer Architecture

Valheim's multiplayer architecture is crucial for players who wish to establish a server for a richer gaming experience. This framework dictates how players connect, interact, and engage in the game world. By understanding its nuances, players can make informed decisions about their server setup. Knowledge of the multiplayer system not only ensures stability but also enhances the overall gameplay experience.

The Role of Servers in Valheim

In Valheim, servers play an essential role in facilitating the multiplayer experience. They provide a centralized hub where players can gather, build, and explore collaboratively. A server houses the game world, storing all player data, environmental changes, and item interactions. This setup allows multiple users to engage simultaneously without any noticeable lag.

A well-optimized server can handle high player counts while maintaining smooth performance. Players can choose to host a session themselves (peer-to-peer) or run a dedicated server, which is specifically designed to manage multiple connections effectively. Thus, understanding server functionality helps players select the best hosting option for their needs.

Dedicated Servers vs. Peer-to-Peer Hosting

When considering how to host a game session in Valheim, players often face the choice between dedicated servers and peer-to-peer hosting.

Dedicated Servers
Dedicated servers operate independently of any single player's connection. They are hosted on powerful machines that ensure consistent performance and stability. Key benefits include:

Performance: Less lag and higher stability, especially with larger groups.
Accessibility: Players can join at any time, without needing the host to be online.
Customization: More options for settings and mods, enhancing the gameplay experience.

Peer-to-Peer Hosting
In contrast, peer-to-peer hosting relies on one player’s machine to act as the server. This means:

Dependency: Performance can fluctuate based on the host's internet connection.
Availability: The game session only runs as long as the host stays online.
Simplicity: Easier setup for casual play without extensive configuration.

Players should weigh the pros and cons of both methods based on their specific gaming needs. Understanding these differences is key to establishing a robust server environment suitable for everyone's multiplayer sessions.

Prerequisites for Setting Up a Server

Establishing a Valheim server involves several critical steps, and recognizing the prerequisites is vital. Understanding what you need beforehand ensures the process is smoother and increases the chances of a successful setup. This section will cover the essential system requirements and help you choose the proper platform for hosting your Valheim server, both of which are pivotal elements of getting started.

System Requirements

Before installing the server software, it is important to check the system requirements. These requirements dictate how well your server will function and whether it can provide a satisfactory gaming experience for players.

Valheim's server software may not demand exceptionally high specifications, but they must be sufficient to handle the game. Below are the minimum and recommended specifications:

Minimum Requirements:

OS: Windows 7 or later, or a compatible Linux distribution.
Processor: Dual-core 3.0 GHz or higher.
Memory: 4 GB RAM.
Storage: 1 GB free space.
Network: A stable internet connection with at least 512 kbps upload speed.

Recommended Requirements:

OS: Windows 10, or the latest version of a popular Linux distribution.
Processor: Quad-core 3.0 GHz or better.
Memory: 8 GB RAM or more.
Storage: SSD storage with 2 GB free space.
Network: A stable internet connection with at least 1 Mbps upload speed.

Meeting these specifications allows for smoother gameplay, particularly as more players join your server. Insufficient resources can lead to lag and performance drops, hampering the multiplayer experience.

Choosing the Right Platform

Selecting the right platform for hosting your Valheim server is a crucial decision. Each option has its benefits and constraints. Typically, there are three main platforms to consider: Windows, Linux, and MacOS.

Windows:

Windows is likely the most familiar environment for gamers. Many players choose Windows for its ease of use and extensive support. It offers a graphical user interface, making configurations and installations straightforward.

Linux:

Linux is popular for dedicated servers due to its stability and ability to handle many connections with fewer resources. It is important to have some familiarity with command-line interfaces, as many Linux distributions rely more heavily on terminal commands for setup.

MacOS:

While Valheim can run on MacOS, it is less common. Those using Mac can still host a server, but the process may require additional steps, and performance may vary compared to other platforms.

Ultimately, the choice of platform depends on your technical skills and preferences. Ensure the selected platform aligns with the kind of experience you wish to have for managing and playing on your server.

The right prerequisites lay a strong foundation for a successful Valheim server setup. Choose wisely to enhance your gaming journey!

Installing Valheim Server Software

Setting up a Valheim server is an essential step for players who wish to enjoy a multiplayer experience tailored to their preferences. The process of installing Valheim server software may seem daunting at first, but it is crucial for establishing an environment where players can gather and explore without the constraints often found in public servers. Understanding how to install the server software not only enables customization of gameplay but also ensures reliability and stability in multiplayer sessions. The right setup can transform the gaming experience, allowing for enhanced player interaction, mod use, and more flexible gaming hours.

Acquiring the Server Files

Before you can install the Valheim server, you need to acquire the necessary server files. These files are not included in the standard game download. Players must access them specifically through the Steam platform. This can be achieved by using the command line or the Steam client itself. Visit the Steam Library, right-click on Valheim, and select the properties to access the tools section. You should find the dedicated server tool listed there. Downloading these server files is a simple but critical step that paves the way for a successful server installation.

Installation Steps for Various Platforms

Setting up a Valheim server varies slightly depending on the platform you are using. Below are the specific steps for each operating system—Windows, Linux, and MacOS.

Windows

Windows is often the most accessible and user-friendly platform for gamers. Many players prefer it because of its widespread compatibility and user support. The installation on Windows typically involves the Steam client.

Step 1: Open Steam and go to the Library.
Step 2: Under the Tools section, find Valheim Dedicated Server and click Install.
Step 3: After installation, locate the server executable file, usually found in the game folder.
Step 4: Create a batch file to launch your server with preferred settings. This simplifies starting the server each time.

Windows offers supportive user-friendly features like a graphical interface and substantial community resources, which are beneficial for first-time server hosts. However, it might not have the same performance efficiency as Linux for heavy-duty operations.

Linux

Linux is known for its stability and performance. Many experienced players prefer Linux for its ability to handle multiple players while consuming fewer system resources, making it a solid choice for running a Valheim server.

Step 1: Ensure you have Steam installed on your Linux machine.
Step 2: Access the terminal and install the server files using the command or similar commands based on your distribution.
Step 3: Configure the server using configuration files in the dedicated server directory. This involves setting your server name, player count, and world preferences.

Linux allows more customization at the server level. It can, however, be less intuitive for those unfamiliar with terminal commands or file editing.

MacOS

MacOS, while not as common for hosting game servers, still offers a straightforward setup for Valheim. Its ease of use and stability make it an acceptable option for players within the Apple ecosystem.

Step 1: Install Valheim through the Steam client.
Step 2: Navigate to the game's dedicated server section within Steam.
Step 3: Download and install the server files.
Step 4: Terminal commands may be needed to launch the server, but many actions can be performed via the graphical interface.

MacOS presents unique challenges, particularly regarding compatibility with certain mods. Nevertheless, the system relates well to users familiar with Apple's environment.

Establishing a Valheim server is not just about playing together; it is about creating a virtual space where your gaming experience can mirror your individual preferences and needs.

Configuring Your Valheim Server

Configuring your Valheim server is a crucial step in ensuring that your gaming experience is tailored to your needs and preferences. Proper configuration can significantly enhance performance, improve connection stability, and allow customization that reflects your gameplay style. Understanding the intricacies involved in this phase can prevent issues and enhance your multiplayer experience. The configuration involves intricacies that, if left unaddressed, can result in connection problems or server instability.

Essential Configuration Files

When setting up a Valheim server, several configuration files play a pivotal role in defining server behavior.

World Settings File: This file contains the parameters related to the world that your server will operate. Key settings here include the world name, seed, and certain gameplay options. The correct configuration can influence the exploration and experiences available to players.
Server Config File: This file governs settings that affect how players interact with the server. Here, you can set rules for permissions, difficulty settings, and more. Proper adjustment of these settings is essential for creating a conducive multiplayer environment.
Permissions File: This is where you set different access levels for players. Customizing this file will help ensure that new players are able to interact meaningfully without overwriting important server features.

By understanding these essential configuration files, you can tailor the server experience directly to your group’s preferences. The initial setup may seem complex, but familiarizing yourself with these files will lead to a smoother experience.

Server Settings Overview

The server settings in Valheim are multifaceted and directly influence how the game is played. Adjusting these settings can enhance functionality and player experience significantly. Below are some important settings to consider:

Max Players: Determine the limit of concurrent players that can join your server. Adjusting this allows for both smaller and larger gatherings, depending on your goals for communal gameplay.
Difficulty Level: This setting controls the overall challenge posed by enemies and survival elements within the game. Tailoring this to your group’s skill level is essential for maintaining engagement.
Backup Frequency: Setting a frequency for backups is wise. It ensures that progress is regularly saved, which can be a lifesaver in case of crashes or unintended errors.
Server Password: Implementing a password adds a layer of security, preventing unwanted connections and ensuring that only your desired players have access.

It is advisable to continually review and refine these settings as your game progresses. Ensuring that your server aligns with player expectations keeps everyone engaged and invested in the gameplay experience.

"Proper configuration of your server is as important as the game itself; neglecting it can lead to a myriad of issues."

Overall, investing time in the configuration process will contribute positively to your Valheim gaming adventure.

Networking Considerations

Networking is a crucial aspect when creating a Valheim server. It ensures that players can connect smoothly and enjoy a seamless gaming experience. Key elements include understanding how ports work and configuring firewalls to allow traffic. These two components can significantly affect server performance and player connectivity.

Proper networking setup can prevent issues like latency, packet loss, and connection failures. Understanding these elements helps to optimize your server so that all players can participate with minimal interruptions.

Port Forwarding Basics

Port forwarding is a technique that allows external devices to connect to a server within a private network. In Valheim, this means that players outside your local network can join your server. Without port forwarding, your server may remain inaccessible to anyone who is not in the same local network.

Here’s how to set up port forwarding for your Valheim server:

Access your Router Settings: Open a web browser and enter your router's IP address, usually found on the device itself.
Locate Port Forwarding Section: Look for options labeled as "Port Forwarding," "Virtual Server," or similar.
Add a New Rule: Create a rule that forwards the game traffic. For Valheim, use port 2456 for both TCP and UDP protocols.
Assign a Device: Specify the local IP address of the server machine to ensure that the router forwards traffic to the correct device.
Save Changes: Make sure to save the changes in your router settings.

After completing these steps, it’s advisable to check if the port is open using tools like canyouseeme.org or similar websites.

Firewall Settings and Security

Firewall settings are essential for protecting your server while allowing legitimate traffic. By default, many systems have a firewall that may block incoming connections. Adjustments must be made to permit connections to your Valheim server.

Windows Firewall: If you use Windows, navigate to "Windows Security" and select "Firewall & network protection." Choose "Allow an app through firewall" and add the Valheim server executable.
Linux Firewall: For Linux users, command-line tools such as UFW can be used. The following commands open the necessary ports:Make sure to check your firewall settings regularly to ensure they are secure yet functional.

Security is critical for preventing unauthorized access to your server. Regularly updating your server software and using strong passwords will further safeguard against vulnerabilities.

Remember: Each networking setup can vary significantly based on your router and firewall configuration. It’s essential to check your specific equipment's documentation for additional guidance.

Launching Your Valheim Server

Launching your Valheim server is a crucial step in creating a personalized gaming experience. This process marks the final stage of setting up your server, allowing you and your friends to dive into the expansive world of Valheim together. Successfully launching your server brings together all the configurations, mods, and optimizations made during the setup process. For tech-savvy individuals, understanding the nuances of starting the server can enhance not just functionality but also performance.

When you launch your server from the command line, you harness the power of direct commands, which can provide more flexibility and control. Additionally, creating a desktop shortcut not only boosts convenience but also streamlines connection to the server. Each of these elements, while seemingly straightforward, adds layers of efficiency and customizability to your gaming environment.

Starting the Server from the Command Line

To start your Valheim server effectively, you will need to access the command line interface. This method is preferred by many advanced users because it allows for direct input of commands and customization at launch.

Open Command Prompt or Terminal: Start by opening your operating system's command line tool. On Windows, you can use Command Prompt. On Linux or MacOS, Terminal is the go-to option.
Navigate to Server Directory: Use the command to move into the directory where your Valheim server files are stored. For example:
Run Server Command: Enter the specific command to start your server, tailoring it to your configuration. A basic command could look like this:Ensure to replace placeholders with your actual server name, world name, and password.
Press Enter: After verifying your command is correct, hit Enter. This should initiate your server startup process.

Tip: Always monitor the command line output for any errors or confirmation messages that indicate a successful launch.

Creating a Desktop Shortcut for Convenience

Simplifying access to your Valheim server can significantly enhance your gaming experience. Creating a desktop shortcut is one way to achieve this. It allows you to launch your server with just a double-click, eliminating the need to navigate through folders or type commands each time.

Locate Your Server Executable: Find the executable file used to launch your Valheim server. It is generally located in the same directory where you installed the server files.
Right-Click the Executable: Once you find the file, right-click on it. You will see a context menu.
Select Create Shortcut: From the menu, choose the option that says "Create Shortcut." This will create a new shortcut in the same folder.
Move Shortcut to Desktop: Drag and drop this shortcut onto your desktop for easy access.
Edit Shortcut Properties: Right-click the newly created shortcut and select "Properties." In the target field, append your server parameters (name, world, password) as you did when using the command line.
Apply Changes: Click "OK" to save your changes. Now, with a simple double-click on this shortcut, you can launch your server.

This straightforward method greatly reduces the time taken to get your server running, making it a favored approach among many gamers.

By mastering these aspects of launching your Valheim server, you not only enhance your own gaming experience but also facilitate a smoother multiplayer interaction with friends.

Implementing Mods and Enhancements

In the world of Valheim, implementing mods and enhancements can significantly alter and elevate one’s gameplay experience. The game's original design is robust, but mods introduce new features, gameplay mechanics, and quality of life improvements that can address personal preferences and expand the game's possibilities.

Mods can range from simple user interface tweaks to comprehensive content expansions, enabling players to tailor their experience according to their unique tastes. This flexibility adds depth and longevity to the game, fostering a more engaged community. Although modding can require some technical know-how, the rewards often justify the effort.

Understanding Modding in Valheim

Modding in Valheim is the practice of altering the game’s code or assets to create new features or modify existing ones. The community has produced a plethora of mods that can enhance gameplay, fix bugs, or add completely new content.

Several tools are available to facilitate modding. One popular tool is R2Modman, which allows players to easily install and manage their mods without needing extensive technical skills.

Important Considerations

Compatibility: Ensure mods work well together and do not interfere with the game's core functions.
Stability: Not all mods are regularly updated, and outdated ones can lead to crashes or instability.
Performance: Some mods may increase resource usage, affecting the server's performance, especially in larger multiplayer sessions.

One should not ignore the terms of service provided by developers. Some mods may violate these terms, leading to risks like account bans. Understanding modding principles ensures a safer and more enjoyable gameplay experience.

Popular Mods and Their Benefits

Here are some of the most frequently used mods by players in Valheim and the benefits they provide:

Valheim Plus: This mod enhances quality of life with new settings for crafting, building, and gameplay mechanics. It allows for more customization.
BetterUI: As the name suggests, it refurbishes the user interface for improved navigation and visibility of key information without clutter.
Jotunn: A framework for mod developers, making it easier to create new content by providing tools to add features seamlessly.
BuildShare: A community-driven mod that allows players to share their building designs and inspirations with others, fostering creativity.

Implementing these mods can enhance gameplay mechanics, allowing deeper exploration of Valheim’s rich world. Through these enhancements, players can focus less on frustration and more on creativity and adventure.

Modding introduces a layer of personalization to Valheim that keeps the game fresh and adaptable to change as players evolve.

Backups and Maintenance Practices

In the realm of managing a Valheim server, maintaining robust backups and engaging in regular maintenance practices can not be overlooked. A well-maintained server not only prolongs its lifespan but also safeguards your hard work and progress within the game. The necessity of these practices becomes evident when considering that even minor hitches can lead to significant data loss. Regular backups protect against unexpected failures, ensuring that gameplay remains uninterrupted and enjoyable.

In addition to data preservation, well-planned maintenance can enhance server performance. Delving into this aspect involves keeping an eye on hardware capacity and software updates, which collectively contribute to a smooth gameplay experience for all players involved. High-quality server performance directly correlates to player satisfaction, indicating that investing time in maintenance is of great importance.

Creating Regular Backups

Creating regular backups is an essential practice for any Valheim server administrator. Without this step, all progress, custom configurations, and installed mods can be lost due to factors such as software bugs or hardware failures. A backup strategy should encompass the following elements:

Frequency of Backups: Determine how often to back up server data. A daily backup might be suitable for active servers with frequent changes, while a weekly backup may suffice for less active setups.
Storage Solutions: Choose a reliable storage solution. Options may include external hard drives or cloud storage services. Both provide accessible places for your backups, but cloud services often offer additional advantages, such as easy accessibility from any location.
Backup Types: Decide on the type of backups. Full backups capture all data at once, while incremental backups allow for efficient storage by saving only changes since the last backup.

To create a backup of your Valheim server, you might consider using scripts to automate the backup process. This approach ensures consistency and reduces the chance of human error. Below is a simple command line example to copy server data:

Keeping backup records organized and dated is crucial. That way, you can easily navigate to previous versions if necessary, preventing confusion and loss of valuable time.

Server Performance Monitoring

Monitoring server performance is another vital aspect of effective server management. Regular performance checks help identify potential issues before they escalate. Here are some key points to focus on when monitoring your Valheim server:

Resource Utilization: Keep an eye on CPU, RAM, and disk usage. Tools like on Linux can provide valuable insights into system resource consumption. If you notice high resource usage consistently, you might need to upgrade your hardware or optimize server settings.
Lag and Latency: Pay attention to player-reported lag issues. Lag can significantly detract from the gaming experience. Solutions might include adjusting server settings or investigating networking components such as bandwidth or connection stability.
Log Analysis: Reviewing server logs can help identify recurring errors or unexpected behavior. Log files contain a wealth of information that can be crucial for diagnosing issues and ensuring smooth operation.

Engaging in these monitoring practices will not only contribute to better performance but also enhance the overall enjoyment of the game for all participants.

"Regular backups and diligent performance monitoring can save you from countless hours of frustration, helping to maintain a thriving Valheim server experience."

By being proactive about backups and maintenance, you can provide an enjoyable platform for you and your fellow adventurers in the world of Valheim.

Troubleshooting Common Server Issues

Establishing a Valheim server can lead to numerous enjoyable moments but can also come with its set of issues. Understanding how to troubleshoot these common problems is critical for maintaining a seamless gaming experience. This section will guide you through some frequent problems that arise and how to effectively solve them. The goal is to make your server run smoothly, so you and your friends can avoid frustrations and focus on the adventure.

Connection Problems and Solutions

Connection issues can prevent players from joining the server, which is a common source of frustration. Several factors could contribute to this.

IP Address Issues: Make sure that you are providing your friends with the correct external IP address if they are connecting from outside your local network. If you're using a dynamic IP, consider a service that provides a static DNS name instead.
Port Forwarding: Ensure necessary ports are open in your router’s settings. Valheim typically requires port 2456 to be forwarded for proper connectivity. If unsure, consult your router's manual or access the router’s web interface to find port forwarding options.
Firewall Configuration: Confirm that your system's firewall is not blocking the Valheim server application. You may need to add exceptions for both inbound and outbound traffic for the game.
Server Visibility: Sometimes, the server isn’t showing in the game’s server list. You might consider using the console in the game and enter the command to directly connect via IP address.
Restart: When in doubt, a simple restart of both your server and your router can often resolve transient connection issues.

Server Performance Hiccups

Maintaining a high-performing server is essential for an enjoyable experience in Valheim. Performance issues can manifest as lag, frame drops, or even server crashes. Addressing these is vital for keeping the gameplay smooth. Here are some common performance hiccups and potential solutions:

Resource Limitations: Ensure that your server hardware meets the necessary specifications for hosting. Insufficient CPU power or limited RAM can lead to performance degradation.
Background Processes: Close any unnecessary applications or background processes on the server machine to free up resources. This helps prioritize your game’s performance.
Player Count Management: Ensure that the number of simultaneous players does not exceed your server's capacity. Too many players can lead to lag and instability.
World Size and Complexity: Large and complex worlds can introduce performance issues. If possible, consider simplifying the world or limiting building sizes to enhance performance.
Monitoring Tools: Utilize server performance monitoring tools to identify bottlenecks in CPU or memory usage. This data can help you make informed decisions on upgrades or configuration changes.

In summary, addressing common server issues not only ensures a smoother gameplay experience but also enhances the overall enjoyment for all participants involved in the adventure of Valheim. By following the steps outlined in this section, players can resolve issues more effectively and keep their gaming sessions uninterrupted.

Community Resources for Valheim Servers

In the realm of online gaming, the value of community resources cannot be overstated. For players engaging with Valheim, such resources offer a wealth of information, guidance, and support that can enhance the experience of creating and managing a server. Whether you are a newcomer or an experienced player, leveraging these resources can significantly improve your understanding and effectiveness in server management. Here, we will delve into two main categories of community resources: forums and online communities, as well as documentation and guides.

Forums and Online Communities

Online forums and communities serve as vital hubs for players seeking to deepen their knowledge of Valheim server creation. These platforms facilitate exchanges of ideas, troubleshooting strategies, and unique insights from others who have successfully navigated the complexities of server management.

Key benefits of participating in these forums include:

Peer Support: Engaging with fellow players allows for immediate feedback and solutions to common issues and challenges encountered when setting up or maintaining servers.
Knowledge Sharing: Experienced players often share valuable tips and tricks that can streamline processes, prevent pitfalls, and enhance overall server performance.
Networking Opportunities: These forums can connect you with other players looking to collaborate or join your server, fostering a sense of community that can make the gaming experience more enjoyable.

Popular platforms where such discussions happen include Reddit and dedicated game forums. Here, you will find threads filled with practical advice and shared experiences that can aid in troubleshooting and innovation.

Documentation and Guides

Documentation and guides are another essential resource for players aiming to establish a Valheim server. They provide structured, comprehensive information that can vary widely in focus, from basic instructions to elaborate technical specifications.

When seeking out documentation, consider these factors:

Official Resources: Always check the official Valheim website and Steam page for the latest updates and guidelines from the developers. These resources often contain critical information related to server setups, updates, and mod compatibility.
User-Created Guides: Many players contribute their own guides to forums and community sites. These can range from simple how-tos to extensive tutorials on specific aspects of server management, including modding, backup strategies, and performance optimizations.
Video Tutorials: Platforms like YouTube host countless video guides that can visually walk you through the server setup process, making it particularly accessible for visual learners.

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